The system comprised an implant and an external transmitter integrated in an eyeglasses-frame. The implant system converts the image patterns into interpretable stimulation signals, and data and energy are transferred to the implant by a telemetric link. Nerve cells inside the eye are then stimulated according to the captured images. The intact cells are innervated by means of 3-D stimulation electrodes that rest against the retina like small studs. As long as there is no damage to the optic nerve, the vision signals can be sent to the brain just like they are with healthy eyes In this system a surgery is underwent to graft existing nerve endings from the patients shoulder onto the pectoral muscle on his chest. Those nerves grew into the muscle about a specific period of time. Electrodes on the graft can now pick up any thought-generated nerve impulses to the now-absent limb and transmit those to the mechanical prosthesis, controlling the movements of the arm. Bionic arm work by detecting movements of chest muscle that have been connected to the remains of nerves that once went to the lost limb. The impulses emitted from the transplanted nerves into the chest muscle are picked up by the harness and processed by a computer which then directs very precise movements of the artificial limb.

This abstract explains an innovated design of an implantable artificial kidney. The proposed design introduces a dialisit-free miniature size complex of cells, each built as a rectangular passage through which blood flows. Two plate electrodes cover two sides of the passage and two special semipermeable membranes engulf the electrodes without touching them. Each membrane is separated by a few millimeters from the adjacent electrode, and the two membranes themselves are at distance from each other. An electric field is applied between the two electrode plates. This field will force the blood ions to migrate across a membrane towards the targeted electrodes. The migrating blood ions will generates an ionic current responsible for main ions filtration. The field magnitude is gradually varied and results are then recorded. The spacing between the two membranes is also varied to study its effect on the concentration of ions in the main blood stream and near the electrodes where the filtered waste products rich in ions gather after crossing the semi-permeable membrane. The overall ionic current is generated from the diffusion and the migration currents that obey the general Nernst-Planck equation. One cell model was constructed using inert electrodes. The instrument is capable of regulating the amount of water excretion by controlling a required range of suction pressure (micro-pump) relative to the incoming blood pressure to enhance the generated osmotic pressure across the membrane. The nitrogenous waste products could be removed by simple diffusion enhanced with an applied ultra-filtration pressure. Preliminary results showed a 20% separation of ions from the main stream. Despite of the difficulties encountered during model construction and performing the experiments using the one-cell compartment, the obtained results show a significant reduction of the time required for the patient to attend hospital sessions

digital stethoscope works most reliably with a strong heartbeat signal. If a signal is not very strong, it may be hard to detect peaks because of inherent noise. Thus, on a few occasions, we found it necessary to get out of our chairs in the lab and run up and down the stairs a few times to keep our blood moving. It’s quite amazing how much this makes a difference. Finding the right place for the end piece of stethoscope is also very important. The strongest and most reliable place on the body that we found was the neck. We had limited success on the heart when blood flow was good. The wrist rarely worked at all. Additionally, you must be very still and quiet to use our device. Talking or movement of the stethoscope produces output far above the voltage rail of the amplifier, and the resulting heartbeat trace and BPM will not be displayed accurately. This is however inherent to any stethoscope and not unique to our project; if an old-fashioned stethoscope moves around or the patient talks when it is on his/her neck there will be mostly noise.

Project Overview:
The heart's natural pacemaker is an electrical timing device that controls the rate of the heart's muscular contractions, enabling the heart to pump blood under the wide range of demands encountered in daily life. Everyone's heart speeds up or slows down under different conditions and may on occasion appear to flutter or miss a beat. These palpitations are usually minor and transitory. However, sometimes the heart's electrical system malfunctions and serious rhythm disorders result. These cardiac arrhythmias can be debilitating and even life-threatening, but the recent availability of artificial pacemakers and the recent advent of implantable defibrillators have revolutionized treatment. Today, physicians can help patients by using electronic devices that directly counter these serious rhythm disturbances. Implantable electronic devices have been developed to treat both abnormally slow heart rates (bradycardias) and excessively rapid heart rates (tachycardias). Such rhythm disorders arise because of disruptions to the normal production or transmission of electrical impulses within the heart. The heart's natural pacemaker is the sinus node (SN), located in the upper right atrium near the point where blood returning from the head and limbs reenters the heart. Specialized cells in this node emit electrical impulses at the rate of about 70 per minute. These impulses spread throughout the atria and travel to the ventricles via the atrioventricular node (AV node). The electrical system ensures that impulses reach the right part of the heart at the right time and at the right pace, coordinating the contraction of the heart muscle so that it can pump effectively. When the sinus node fails to generate impulses or transmission is blocked in some part of the electrical system, an abnormally slow heart rate can result. Assuming that this bradycardia is not the side effect of a medication or produced by some other reversible condition, the most likely cause is disease in the sinus node, the AV node, or some other part of the conduction pathway. If the patient is experiencing symptoms and the heart beat is extremely slow (below 45 or 50), the condition may be markedly improved by an artificial pacemaker. There are, however, many people who function normally with slow heart rates of 40-50 and evidence of some degree of heart block. Pacemakers are generally reserved for those with symptoms and advanced degrees of block.
Abstract/Summary:
Human heart contain SA node which generate impulse for functioning of heart. It is known as natural pacemaker. If natural pacemaker is failed then required pulse from externally. So Artificial pacemaker is a device detects the heart pulse from ECG signal. If there is no pulse, the artificial pacemaker generates pulse. An artificial pacemaker is a battery-operated device that is programmed to keep the heart beating at a certain rate. It is inserted by placing a special wire (catheter) into the right side of the heart and attaching the wire to a small, metal-covered battery that is placed just under the skin in the upper chest or sometimes in the abdomen. Insertion causes little discomfort and is done with the patient awake. The stitches are removed about a week later. So, pacemaker is electronic cardiac support device that produce rhythmic electric impulse that take over the regulation of the heart beat in patient with certain type of heart disease.