Pulse Oximetry is a non invasive method of measuring a person's oxygenation level. It monitors the percentage of haemoglobin (Hb) which is saturated with oxygen. A probe is attached to the patient's finger or ear lobe comprising LEDs and photodetector. As the light from the two LEDs (red - 660 nm and infrared - 950 nm) pass through the body tissues to a photodetector, it is absorbed by blood and soft tissue. The light absorption rate at the two wavelengths by the hemoglobin is different and depends on the degree of oxygenation. The light level changes as the blood is pumped by the heart. As a consequence, the oximeter also measures the heart rate in beats per minute (BPM). In this application note, we create a heart rate monitor by using one IR LED & phototransistor pair and observing the waveform at the phototransistor output. This is intended for illustrating a typical light sensor application and not intended for actual medical use. The accompanying video also shows the typical low level signals involved in this type of circuit and how the dynamic range from a 24 bit ADC (EMANT300 USB DAQ) allows such signals to be observed without further signal conditioning.
Abstract:
The proposed paper discusses about the infectious blood diseases named as pulmonary embolism. This proposed paper mainly deals with increasing rate of blood disease in the lungs. Pulmunoary Embolism is the blockage in vein and due to circulation moves to the main artery which goes from heart to lungs. This paper fully discuses about the golden standard for diagonsis pulmonary enbolism is pulmonary angiography and treatment is caval filters. It is a deadly infectious disesase. Pulmonary angiography is used less often due to wider acceptance of CT scans, which are non-invasive. The cavalfilters treatment the filters are placed in inferior venacava below the orgin of renal vessels. It occurs in 1% of patient admited in hospital and resposible for 5% death of all hospital death. It may occur due to amniotic fluid ,placenta,air , fat, tumour and septic emboli from endo cardiatis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valve. The treatments are anticouglation thromblitic threapy, caval filters.. Pulmunoary Embolism occurs silent. It is the blockage in vein and due to circulation moves to the main artery which goes from heart to lungs. Usually this is due to embolism of a thrombus (blood clot) from the deep veins in the legs, a process termed venous thromboembolism. A small proportion is due to the embolization of air, fat , amniotic fluid placenta tumours and spectic emboli from endo carditis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valve . The obstruction of the blood flow through the lungs and the resultant pressure on the right ventricle of the heart leads to the symptoms and signs of PE. The risk of PE is increased in various situations, such as cancer and prolonged bed rest.apparopriate therapy and mortality is decreased from 30-10% yet 100,000-200,000 death occur per year in USA.diagnosis of the disease is very difficult. Clinical accuracy of the diagnosis is low. It the prospective investigations of PE study 755 patients had v/q lung scan and PE Angiography because of suspected PE within 24hrs study.. Pulmonary embolism can be usefully consider under the heading venous thromboembolism 75%of pulmonary embolism derived from DVT in the lower limb and 60% of patient with DVT will have evidence of PE on scanning even the absence of the symptoms rarely PE may occur due to amniotic fluid, placenta, air, fat, tumour and septic emboli from endocarditis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valves. Pulmonary emboli occur in 1% of the patients admitted in the hospital and are responsible for 5% death.
The proposed paper discusses about the infectious blood diseases named as pulmonary embolism. This proposed paper mainly deals with increasing rate of blood disease in the lungs. Pulmunoary Embolism is the blockage in vein and due to circulation moves to the main artery which goes from heart to lungs. This paper fully discuses about the golden standard for diagonsis pulmonary enbolism is pulmonary angiography and treatment is caval filters. It is a deadly infectious disesase. Pulmonary angiography is used less often due to wider acceptance of CT scans, which are non-invasive. The cavalfilters treatment the filters are placed in inferior venacava below the orgin of renal vessels. It occurs in 1% of patient admited in hospital and resposible for 5% death of all hospital death. It may occur due to amniotic fluid ,placenta,air , fat, tumour and septic emboli from endo cardiatis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valve. The treatments are anticouglation thromblitic threapy, caval filters.. Pulmunoary Embolism occurs silent. It is the blockage in vein and due to circulation moves to the main artery which goes from heart to lungs. Usually this is due to embolism of a thrombus (blood clot) from the deep veins in the legs, a process termed venous thromboembolism. A small proportion is due to the embolization of air, fat , amniotic fluid placenta tumours and spectic emboli from endo carditis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valve . The obstruction of the blood flow through the lungs and the resultant pressure on the right ventricle of the heart leads to the symptoms and signs of PE. The risk of PE is increased in various situations, such as cancer and prolonged bed rest.apparopriate therapy and mortality is decreased from 30-10% yet 100,000-200,000 death occur per year in USA.diagnosis of the disease is very difficult. Clinical accuracy of the diagnosis is low. It the prospective investigations of PE study 755 patients had v/q lung scan and PE Angiography because of suspected PE within 24hrs study.. Pulmonary embolism can be usefully consider under the heading venous thromboembolism 75%of pulmonary embolism derived from DVT in the lower limb and 60% of patient with DVT will have evidence of PE on scanning even the absence of the symptoms rarely PE may occur due to amniotic fluid, placenta, air, fat, tumour and septic emboli from endocarditis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valves. Pulmonary emboli occur in 1% of the patients admitted in the hospital and are responsible for 5% death.
Abstract:
The Objective of Patient monitoring is to have a quantitative assessment of the important physiological variables of the patients during critical periods of their biological functions. Patient monitoring system measures physiological characteristics either continuously or at regular intervals over time and thereby differs from diagnostic instruments that detect existing medical conditions through single testing procedures. The choice of proper parameters, which have information content, is chosen and it is agreed that monitoring of following biological functions are often needed, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Heart Rate, Body Temperature, Non Invasive Blood pressure, Spo2. Along with these parameters Glucose level is also important for patient monitoring system. Because when a patient faints due to hyperglycemic condition admitted in ICU, with out proper testing if glucose is administered to the patient then it may even lead to a fatal condition, so along with the five vital signs monitoring glucose level should also be monitored. The advantage is that glucose level is measured using non invasive technique. It is based on optical technique which continuously monitors the blood glucose levels. Whenever there is a decrease in the blood glucose level (hypoglycemia) or increase in blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) an alarm is produced which alerts the people around, so that they can come to patient’s rescue.
The Objective of Patient monitoring is to have a quantitative assessment of the important physiological variables of the patients during critical periods of their biological functions. Patient monitoring system measures physiological characteristics either continuously or at regular intervals over time and thereby differs from diagnostic instruments that detect existing medical conditions through single testing procedures. The choice of proper parameters, which have information content, is chosen and it is agreed that monitoring of following biological functions are often needed, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Heart Rate, Body Temperature, Non Invasive Blood pressure, Spo2. Along with these parameters Glucose level is also important for patient monitoring system. Because when a patient faints due to hyperglycemic condition admitted in ICU, with out proper testing if glucose is administered to the patient then it may even lead to a fatal condition, so along with the five vital signs monitoring glucose level should also be monitored. The advantage is that glucose level is measured using non invasive technique. It is based on optical technique which continuously monitors the blood glucose levels. Whenever there is a decrease in the blood glucose level (hypoglycemia) or increase in blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) an alarm is produced which alerts the people around, so that they can come to patient’s rescue.
1. Introduction BLOOD INFUSION WARMER is a device which is aimed to warm the blood prior to transfusion therapy. The main concept behind this project is use of temperature difference signal for proportional heating of the cold blood. This difference is of 2 temperatures.1.of patient body and 2. Of blood bag. As, sensing range of thermistor is in microvolts, directly the error signal can be given as input to the heating circuit because it will provide insufficient heat production.So,it is required to be properly amplified.So,the block diagram is designed taking into account this matter. It is not the actual design but at the beginning phase with almost simulation of basic function of the warmer.So,the component specifications may differ from the actual one. 2. Requirement of project The normal body temperature of human is 37.5 deg.Celcius. The blood stored at lower temperature to lower the metabolic rate and bacterial growth.Now,if it is directly infused in the patient body,it leads to a life-threatening situation due to adverse reaction of normal blood and transfused blood named as “Hypothermia.”The result is shearing of blood cells,slow metabolism due to hypodynamia,ague,spasm of blood vessel,arthrosisache,stomachache,platelet dysfunction, increase in blood viscocity,disturbed CVS function. To avoid it,BLOOD INFUSION WARMER is used.This device heats the blood of the blood bag till it equals to the body temperature by detecting the temperature difference between both. Thus it is very needy instrument in operation theatres,I.C.U.s or in other environment which needs transfusion therapy to prevent mishaps related with low temperature blood transfusion. 3. Generalized block diagram: 3.1 EACH BLOCK IN BRIEF……… 0. Power supply to give d.c.supply to ICs and other devices 1. Temperature sensor with bridge for blood bag temperature.(B) 2. Temperature sensor with bridge for patient body temperature (P) 3. Instrumentation amplifier for channel-1.i.e.B-channel 4. Instrumentation amplifier for channel -2 i.e.-channel 5. Differential amplifier for obtaining temperature difference. 6. Voltage to Current converter to make compatible electrical signal for heating coil. 7. Power amplifier (Optional):to strengthen the V-I output. 8. Heating element i.e. coil coated with mica wound on fabricated steel tube. . 3.2 BLOCKS CAN BE ADDED AS SORT OF MODIFICATION 9. ADC-Analog-TO Digital converter 10.Microcontroller. 11.Audible alarm circuit.
Generalized block diagram:
Abstract: Temperature maintenance is the prime consideration for the effective and safe handling of the patient. Mistakes regarding to it can lead to life-threatening condition for the patient. The normal body temperature of human is 37.5 deg. Celsius. The blood from blood bank is at lower temperature.It is dangerous to directly infuse cool blood in patient . To avoid hypothermic adverse effects in the patient body while transfusion,real time comparision of blood bag temperature and patient body temperature and accordingly heating is provided to IV line upto themal equilibrium. Thermistor is a very suitable temperature sensor with NTC (Negative temperature co-efficient) is the heart of the WARMER FOR BLOOD INFUSION and is in form of bridge configuration.The device can be hand-held or fixed on IV panel near the patient bed. Blood warmer has advantages of no contamination,easy manipulation, portability ,clear digital temperature indication, with fast result.As being a recent concept based device-it has also limitations and challenges like inability to cool the heated blood and restriction on use i.e. must with doctors prescription.Here is a model which has the same function with use of electronic circuitry at beginner level to better understand the above stated concept of warming of blood. With the latest electronic circuitry comprising of PID programmed microcontroller, and audible alarm system the blood infusion warmer can be made more dynamic but more costly. Undoubtedly, the actual device is altogether different with the aspects of component specifications, accuracy, dynamicity and appearance.We are taking water or dextrose in stead of blood. But, this project is sufficient to provide functional simulation to the actual real-time warmer for blood infusion.
Requirement of project
Requirement of project
The normal body temperature of human is 37.5 deg.Celcius. The blood stored at lower temperature to lower the metabolic rate and bacterial growth.Now,if it is directly infused in the patient body,it leads to a life-threatening situation due to adverse reaction of normal blood and transfused blood named as “Hypothermia.”The result is shearing of blood cells,slow metabolism to hypodynamia,ague,spasm of blood vessel,arthrosisache,stomachache,platelet dysfunction, increase in blood viscocity,disturbed CVS function.
To avoid it,BLOOD INFUSION WARMER is used.This device heats the blood of the blood bag till it equals to the body temperature by detecting the temperature difference between both.
Thus it is very needy instrument in operation theatres,I.C.U.s or in other environment which needs transfusion therapy to prevent mishaps related with low temperature blood transfusion.
Generalized block diagram:
if you want to download full projects then click on the link below...
Bone cements are polymeric materials that are extensively used for the fixation of components of arthroplasties. The materials are usually based on methylmetacrylate (MMA) monomer and a prepolymer powder, mainly poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) that - after mixing - cure in situ. The cured cements are weight-bearing and load-transferring, and therefore their mechanical behavior plays a critical role in the implant outcome. Registry studies have shown that implant loosening often is related to cement failure (Espehaug, 2002; Havelin, 1995). Today, the clinical performance of new bone cements is basically revealed only by clinical registries of implant survival, as was the case with a bone cement using a new formulation (Boneloc).
The ultimate goal of this project is to identify parameters, as revealed by preclinical testing that can predict clinical outcome of bone cements. The aims are:
The ultimate goal of this project is to identify parameters, as revealed by preclinical testing that can predict clinical outcome of bone cements. The aims are:
- To investigate the time-dependent mechanical properties of a commonly used bone cement
- To assess the influence of testing conditions on the mechanical behavior of cements
- To characterize bone cement retrieved from revision operations
n 2005, approximately 200,000 people in the United States were diagnosed with breast cancer and 40,000 people died from breast cancer (American Cancer Society, Inc. 2006a); compared to the 14,000 people a year that die from HIV/AIDS (Central Intelligence Agency 2006), this is a prevalent problem. Breast cancer is the second most deadly type of cancer in the United States
Since the p53 solution is not currently in use due to certain hurdles that science needs yet to cross, breast cancer patients still have options to alleviate their symptoms and prolong their life spans. Today, tumors can be alleviated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and radiation therapy. Through surgery, the doctor will either remove the entire breast or just the affected part of the breast; this depends on how severe the tumor is. Chemotherapy relies on drugs that interfere with cell division to kill cells (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2006a). Hormone therapy removes or inactivates hormones so that cells lack proper hormones to grow, however it only works in breast cancer cases that are caused by hormonal factors (National Cancer Institute 2005). Radiation therapy uses an X-ray beam to kill the cells in that target area. The X-ray damages the cell’s DNA to make it impossible for the cell to divide (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2006a). Tumors are infatuated with certain proteins that are produced by oncogenes, but can be poisoned by tumor suppressor proteins. Essentially, the drug of choice would function to stop this infatuation or provide poison to the tumor cells. There are some drugs that exist today which follow this function, for example Gleevec and Herceptin (Brody 2003). However, due to the recurrence of cancer, these drugs aren’t sufficient. Even when surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and radiation therapy are all combined to fight cancerous cells, tumors have a tendency to recur. The ideal counterattack against cancer is to suppress it before it begins because once cancer has begun to grow, the fight against it is an enormously rough battle.
The obstruction of p53 in cells is the most common defect present in all types of cancers. Cells that lack even only a portion of this p53 protein are especially resistant to standard therapies that are used to help minimize the side effects of cancer (Center for Biotechnology Information 2005). Among the many proteins in a cell, p53 is statistically the most commonly mutated protein of all in any type of cancer (McGill 1999). The p53 protein was discovered in 1979 by Arnold Levine, David Lane
DNA is essential in all cellular forms of life and controls the cell’s function, appearance, and biological development (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2006b). When a cell replicates, it passes on identical copies of its DNA to new cells. A cell becomes cancerous when its DNA is mutated, which means it has been damaged or improperly replicated. If the DNA is mutated, all of the new cells’ DNA will be mutated as well and they will all be cancerous cells (Itahana 1998). While normal cells in the body will grow, divide, and then die; cancer cells do not die. Healthy cells realize the limitations of a physical body and will program themselves to die when there is not enough space for them or there are no more nutrients available in their area. Because cancer cells have a mutation that provides the cells with a selective growth advantage, they aggressively disregard all instructions to die (Itahana 1998). This selective growth advantage allows cancer cells to survive longer than normal cells because their programmed cell death is not active when p53 is obstructed. This causes the cells to divide uncontrollably and form a large group of cancer cells, called a tumor (American Cancer Society, Inc. 2006b). Cancer cells also have the ability to spread to other parts of the body where more resources are available, creating more tumors. When the tumor suppressor gene does not repair damaged DNA in cancer cells, the result could be long illness, death, or hereditary cancer (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2006a).
All cells go through the cell cycle, which is their life cycle of growth, replication, division, and eventually death. The tumor suppressor protein, p53, plays a vital role in the cell cycle. After the cell’s growth phase, it has to pass a p53 checkpoint in order to proceed into the replication phase. At this checkpoint, p53 checks every single portion of the cell’s DNA for mutations. If small mutations are detected, p53 instructs the cell to repair the damage and then move on into the replication phase. If a large mutation is detected, p53 instructs to cell to die so that it cannot pass on this mutation (Anon 2006). When this checkpoint was discovered, p53 earned the title “the guardian of the genome†due to the fact that it protects the cell’s damaged DNA from replicating and being passed on to new cells (Anon 2001). If a questionable mutation is detected, p53 can slow down the cell cycle or stop it. Since p53 is obstructed in cancer cells, their cell cycle goes much faster due to absence of this checkpoint (Anon 2006).
Properly regulating p53 can keep cells healthy and prevent cancer (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2006c). There is a delicate balance in p53 activity; unwarranted activation can be catastrophic to developing cells, but inactivity can lead to cancers. This tumor suppressor protein is regulated both negatively and positively. The stability of p53 is a complex process which involves many proteins and molecules that respond to overactive p53 in a negative feedback loop; this is when excess p53 activates certain proteins and molecules to reduce its affect. Positive feedback loops are activated by scarcity of p53 to increase its affect (Landes Bioscience 2005). In healthy cells, p53 is continually produced and degraded to maintain this balance; degradation plays a key role in overactive p53 (Lain 2003). These processes are sensitive to many forms of stress, such as, temperature, pH, and pressure. Homeostasis and the immune system help keep the body in a normal, healthy condition so that all of the processes can follow through smoothly.
Since p53 is obstructed in many cancer cases, restoring its innate tumor-suppressing mechanism will help fight against breast cancer. Since all healthy cells go through the p53 checkpoint during their development, inserting intact p53 into cancerous cells can activate this p53 checkpoint and cure cancer cells (Soussi 2006). Obstructed p53 proteins will not be a problem because new, healthy p53 can just be inserted into the cancer cells.
Although p53 is a powerful tumor suppressor protein, it does not work alone to fight cancer by simple insertion (Itahana 1998). Kinases and phosphorylating enzymes are proteins that “activate†or “energize†a molecule by adding a phosphate group to it from another high energy molecule (Ashcroft and Vousden 1999). Mdm2 is a protein that is stimulated by excess p53 and functions to minimize the amount of p53 in a cell. This is a key step in reducing overactive p53 in a healthy cell; however this is not a desirable effect in cancer cells (Gross 2006). Mdm2 binds to p53 and reduces its ability to activate gene expression and stop cell division, thereby interfering with p53’s control over DNA replication machinery. To restore p53’s function in cancer cells, kinases or phosphorylating enzymes need to be inserted into the cells to energize p53 and alter its structure. This allows p53 to carryout its function because Mdm2 cannot bind to p53’s new structure to deactivate it. By inserting kinases and phosphorylating enzymes into cancer cells, the p53 protein can activate the tumor suppressor gene to destroy cancer cells (Ashcroft and Vousden 1999).
Another tumor-suppressor protein, p14ARF, is known to be missing in about half of all breast cancer cases. However, missing p14ARF is not the sole component that can cause breast cancer in most cases. When p14ARF and p53 are both missing in a cell, a common result is cancer. This fact lead researchers to believe that p14ARF and p53 are somehow linked (Gjerset 2000). Additional research shows that p14ARF binds directly to Mdm2 on a different location than p53. Mdm2 can still interact with p53, but because p14ARF is also bound to Mdm2, it is deactivated. In this p14ARF-Mdm2-p53 protein complex, both Mdm2 and p53 are stabilized. This inhibits Mdm2’s activity and restores p53’s function. Therefore, the addition of p14ARF into breast cancer cells can lead to activation of p53 and stop cancer (Ashcroft and Vousden 1999).
Delivery of p53, kinases, phosphoylating enzymes, or p14ARF to cancerous cells can be a prevailing strategy in fighting breast cancer. However, these proteins cannot simply be injected into one’s blood stream or swallowed in a pill; they must be carefully inserted into the victim’s body and incorporated into their cells’ DNA. The proteins need to pass through the cell’s membrane, through the cell’s body, pass through the nuclear membrane, and be incorporated into the DNA. This can be done by gene therapy, which is when altered or foreign proteins are introduced into cells to fabricate a desired effect (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2005). Experiments of introducing p53 into p53-deficient cells in a test tube have proven successful. The same experiments in rats depicted either the death of cancer cells or prevention of further division and survival of the rats. Although this has not been tested on humans yet, this hypothesis should still be taken into consideration (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Human Genome Program 2005).
Injections of these proteins into a human body can be done through viral vector treatment. This procedure is a type of gene therapy that utilizes viruses to deliver genetic material into a cell, permanently changing that cell’s DNA. Since a virus infects its host by incorporating its DNA into the host’s DNA, scientists can modify viral DNA such that a desired protein is introduced to the host instead of a virus’s harmful effect. The specific virus used in this procedure is called a retrovirus. A retrovirus is a special type of viruses that can translate its own DNA into DNA that belongs in a living organism’s cell. The retrovirus’s ability to match these two different types of DNA together is what makes it so efficient in infecting its host cell (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2006b). Viruses can therefore be used as a means of transportation to carry “good genes†into a cell. The virus functions to integrate a desired protein into the host’s DNA. As the cell replicates, the new cells created will also have the desired protein. Since the protein is now incorporated into the cells’ DNA, it can carryout its function (Gardlik et al 2005). If p53 is integrated into the DNA, it will follow through with its function and ignore the obstructed p53. If kinases or phosphorylating enzymes are integrated, they will alter p53’s structure to allow it to activate the tumor suppressor gene. If p14ARF is integrated, it will bind to Mdm2 to deactivate it and allow p53 to carryout its function. The p53 tumor suppressor protein is now ready to fight breast cancer.
Fighting breast cancer using p53 is a very promising treatment for the future. This treatment uses p53, kinases, phosphorylating enzymes, or p14ARF, which are all proteins that exist naturally in the body. The concern of many people that choose not to use chemotherapy, the introduction of drugs into the victim’s bloodstream, is that unnatural chemicals are introduced to their bodies (MayoClinic 2006). Using gene therapy is another positive aspect of this p53 treatment. Gene therapy is a method that has already been proven successful in reducing tumor size and can differentiate cancer cells from healthy cells. This is why p53 treatment surpasses radiation therapy; X-rays focused on the victim’s tumor attack all cells, not only the tumor cells, and lead to unnecessary death of healthy cells. Using gene therapy spares the healthy cells and kills the cancerous cells (BBC News 2000). This solution is also ideal because it has been tested in great detail at the University Pittsburgh Cancer
Although fighting breast cancer using p53 has much potential for the future, this treatment is limited by some constraints. First and foremost, this method is not in use yet. It needs to go through much more animal and human testing before it can be available on the market. Additionally, issues concerning the use of viruses as the choice of gene-carrier include weakening of the immune system and intoxication of DNA. If inserting a virus into one’s body weakens their immune system, there exist possibilities for sicknesses of other kinds to occur in the patient (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Human Genome Program 2005). Scientists need to discover how much the immune system weakens, if this is a great amount, the treatment will not be worth the risk to the patient’s life. Given the nature of retroviruses, the inserted p53 gene is spontaneous and out of external control. The viral DNA may be integrated into many different parts of the host’s DNA and its effects may vary (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Human Genome Program 2005). Since the p53 tumor suppressor protein is sensitive to many stresses, unwarranted activation may occur by external factors. This is bad because adding extra p53 to a cancer patient that has a low immune system, due to the virus used, can lead to over-active p53 because of the patient’s inability to maintain normal conditions in the body (Phillips 2006). Fighting breast cancer using p53 also has the common side effects of any other cancer treatment available today. Some of the most common side effects include bone marrow depletion, excessive bleeding, and hair loss (Phillips 2006). General constraints to this solution include the fact that every case of breast cancer is diverse and these differences need to be overcome in order to develop a universal treatment for breast cancer. Like all the different solutions available, this p53 solution has moral problems attached to it. Many researchers are arguing that the apoptotic death of cells isn’t necessary in fighting cancer. This type of cell death is immediate and programmed cell death that is induced by a protein, in this case the protein is p53. Radiobiologists have a particularly difficult problem with this type of cell death because slower, non-apoptotic death plays an important role in the cycle of a viable cell (McGill 1999). Finally, there is a major downfall in using p53 itself for any type of treatment. Although much more is known today about this tumor suppressor protein than was known in the 1970s, its function is still incompletely known. Researchers are working hard everyday to find out all they can about this powerful protein, but there are still limitations to what they can discover (McGill 1999).
Since the p53 solution is not currently in use due to certain hurdles that science needs yet to cross, breast cancer patients still have options to alleviate their symptoms and prolong their life spans. Today, tumors can be alleviated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and radiation therapy. Through surgery, the doctor will either remove the entire breast or just the affected part of the breast; this depends on how severe the tumor is. Chemotherapy relies on drugs that interfere with cell division to kill cells (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2006a). Hormone therapy removes or inactivates hormones so that cells lack proper hormones to grow, however it only works in breast cancer cases that are caused by hormonal factors (National Cancer Institute 2005). Radiation therapy uses an X-ray beam to kill the cells in that target area. The X-ray damages the cell’s DNA to make it impossible for the cell to divide (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2006a). Tumors are infatuated with certain proteins that are produced by oncogenes, but can be poisoned by tumor suppressor proteins. Essentially, the drug of choice would function to stop this infatuation or provide poison to the tumor cells. There are some drugs that exist today which follow this function, for example Gleevec and Herceptin (Brody 2003). However, due to the recurrence of cancer, these drugs aren’t sufficient. Even when surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and radiation therapy are all combined to fight cancerous cells, tumors have a tendency to recur. The ideal counterattack against cancer is to suppress it before it begins because once cancer has begun to grow, the fight against it is an enormously rough battle.
Electronics-In the Hospital for Engineers is a new area for applying technology. The discussion of the muscle function that follows includes a discussion of the physiology of the nervous system and the peripheral nerves. The bioelectric potentials associated with muscle activity constitute the electromyogram (EMG), which measured at the surface of the body near a muscle of interest. Since most EMG measurements are intended to obtain as indication of the amount of activity of a given muscle or group of muscles, rather than of an individual muscle fiber, the pattern is usually a summation of the individual action potential from the fibers constituting the muscle or muscle being measured. EMG Measurements are important for the myoelectric control of prosthetic devices means artificial limbs. This use involves picking up EMG signals from the muscle at the terminated nerve endings of the remaining limb and using the signals to activate a mechanical arm. This is the most demanding requirement from am EMG since on it depends the working of the prosthetic device. This prosthetic device is further controlled by the use of the advance technologies as by microcontroller in the place between the motor driving circuit and the signal interface with the use of the analog-to-digital controller. Application of this technology is very much useful to the patients of disability of limbs. These signals are used to drive artificial limb according to the signals receiving by the electrodes. There are some new developments are going on the wheelchair which will driven through the movements of the EMG signals.
If u want the full Project then click on the link below
Use of ultrasound, namely in the biomedical diagnosis and industrial fields, pioneered in 1950s, is today particularly widespread. In the last decades, ultrasound imaging has benefited from advances in numerical technologies such as signal processing. On the other hand, the use of ultrasound imaging has increased the need for signal processing techniques. This paper presents a review and the up-to-date developments in ultrasound imaging techniques, including elementary principles, signal acquisition and processing, from one dimensional to multidimensional systems. This paper also deals with typical relevant applications.
If you want full paper please click on the link below
ECG is the most basic electric potential of our body. In fact any the disease related to the heart can be easily determined using this “ECG”. But in our body each and every activity is interrelated with each other. From a minute cell to any system such as cardiac system, respiratory system is interrelated. Each and every signal coming out from the brain is related with the various muscular activities, various metabolic activities are related with the pumping activity of our heart and also on various muscle movements. Till now we have technology where we can measure parameter of one system by using one technique i.e. using ECG we can only determine the parameters of cardiac system but not able to determine the parameters of respiratory. In our project we tried to solve this limitation by using ECG we can measure SPO2 in the arterial blood. To establish the relationship between heart rate and SPO2 we have taken help of applied mathematics. In our project we have tried to use interrelation to measure multiple parameters. In this project we are measuring SPO2 with the help of “ECG” signal. Up till now we used to find SPO2 using pulse-oximeter, but using this device we will be able to measure many parameters using simple clamp electrodes. Theses parameters include 1. Heart Rate 2. Cardiac Output 3. SPO2 4. Oxygen Uptake
If you want to download the whole project the click on the link "DOWNLOAD"
Medical Imaging 2-D and 3-D Image Registration for Medical, Remote Sensing, and Industrial Applications http://rapidshare.com/files/117128537/book1.rar Complex Wavelet Based Image Analysis and Synthesis http://rapidshare.com/files/117128682/book2.rar Computer Vision and Applications A Guide for Students and Practitioners http://rapidshare.com/files/117129254/book3.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117129862/book3.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117130569/book3.part3.rar Computer Vision and Imaging http://rapidshare.com/files/117131409/book4.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117132277/book4.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117133145/book4.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117133950/book4.part4.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117134121/book4.part5.rar Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: inside out http://rapidshare.com/files/117134696/book5.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117135265/book5.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117135731/book5.part3.rar DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements http://rapidshare.com/files/117136066/book6.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117136394/book6.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117136479/book6.part3.rar Digital Image Processing Second Edition http://rapidshare.com/files/117127986/book7.rar Digital Image Processing http://rapidshare.com/files/117137323/book8.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117137827/book8.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117136768/book8.part3.rar DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING http://rapidshare.com/files/117113337/book9.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117114102/book9.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117114723/book9.part3.rar Easy Image Processing: Camera Interfacing for Robotics [Biomedical Engineering, Medical Imaging] http://rapidshare.com/files/117114891/book10.rar Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics from Nuclear Structure to Cosmology http://rapidshare.com/files/117115239/book11.rar High-frequency harmonic imaging of the eye http://rapidshare.com/files/117115378/book12.rar Image and Video Encryption from Digital Rights Management to Secured Personal Communication http://rapidshare.com/files/117116011/book13.rar The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook Fifth Edition [Biomedical Engineering, Medical Imaging] http://rapidshare.com/files/117639648/book14.part01.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117640388/book14.part02.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117601603/book14.part03.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117603225/book14.part04.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117604820/book14.part05.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117606098/book14.part06.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117607622/book14.part07.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117609207/book14.part08.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117610994/book14.part09.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117612299/book14.part10.rar Image Processing in C Second Edition http://rapidshare.com/files/117613167/book15.rar Image Processing Toolbox For Use with MATLAB http://rapidshare.com/files/117613845/book16.rar Handbook of Image and Video Processing http://rapidshare.com/files/117614455/book17.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117615011/book17.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117615605/book17.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117616178/book17.part4.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117616692/book17.part5.rar Integrated Image and Graphics Technologies http://rapidshare.com/files/117617343/book18.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117617906/book18.part2.rar Mathematics and Physics of emerging Biomedical Imaging http://rapidshare.com/files/117618615/book19.rar Medical Electron Accelerators http://rapidshare.com/files/117619975/book20.part01.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117621379/book20.part02.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117622881/book20.part03.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117624396/book20.part04.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117625794/book20.part05.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117627005/book20.part06.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117628150/book20.part07.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117629397/book20.part08.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117630469/book20.part09.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117631412/book20.part10.rar MEDICAL IMAGING PHYSICS Fourth Edition http://rapidshare.com/files/117631822/book21.rar MRI - an introduction http://rapidshare.com/files/117632036/book22.rar Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology: A Clinical, Industrial, and Policy Analysis http://rapidshare.com/files/117632141/book23.rar Pattern Recognition and Image Preprocessing http://rapidshare.com/files/117632639/book24.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117633131/book24.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117633588/book24.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117634014/book24.part4.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117634445/book24.part5.rar Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging http://rapidshare.com/files/117634852/book25.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117635298/book25.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117635796/book25.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117636079/book25.part4.rar A Short Course in Quantum Information Theory An Approach From Theoretical Physics http://rapidshare.com/files/117636188/book26.rar Introduction to Quantum Mechanics http://rapidshare.com/files/117636316/book27.rar Radiation Physics for Medical Physicists http://rapidshare.com/files/117636777/book28.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117637096/book28.part2.rar Paul and Juhl's Essentials of Radiologic Imaging http://rapidshare.com/files/117637185/book29.rar Digital Image Processing http://rapidshare.com/files/117637314/book30.rar Understanding Fluorescein Angiography http://rapidshare.com/files/117638718/book31.rar Anatomy and Physiology Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition http://rapidshare.com/files/117849648/book32.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117851956/book32.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117854140/book32.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117855668/book32.part4.rar Human Anatomy and Physiology: Schaum's Easy Outlines http://rapidshare.com/files/117856054/book33.rar Anatomy and Physiology http://rapidshare.com/files/117857549/book34.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117859116/book34.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117860479/book34.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117861653/book34.part4.rar Clinical Physiology An Examination Primer http://rapidshare.com/files/117861815/book35.rar TEXTBOOK of Medical Physiology http://rapidshare.com/files/117862661/book36.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117863595/book36.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117864262/book36.part3.rar Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences, 1st Edition http://rapidshare.com/files/117865123/book37.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117865773/book37.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117866355/book37.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117866679/book37.part4.rar Color Atlas of Physiology 5th edition http://rapidshare.com/files/117867330/book38.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117867939/book38.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117868558/book38.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117869162/book38.part4.rar Mathematical Biology II: Spatial Models and Biomedical Applications Third Edition http://rapidshare.com/files/117869838/book39.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117870295/book39.part2.rar Mathematical Physiology http://rapidshare.com/files/117870910/book40.rar Artificial Intelligence Introductory Techniques for 3-D Computer Vision http://rapidshare.com/files/117871446/book41.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117871974/book41.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117872524/book41.part3.rar The International Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence http://rapidshare.com/files/117872637/book42.rar The Elements of Artificial Intelligence: An Introduction Using LISP http://rapidshare.com/files/117873165/book43.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117873715/book43.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117874356/book43.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117874663/book43.part4.rar Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems for Engineers http://rapidshare.com/files/117874965/book44.rar Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis http://rapidshare.com/files/117875656/book45.rar Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Robotics http://rapidshare.com/files/117876135/book46.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117876511/book46.part2.rar Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing: Behavioral and Cognitive Modeling of the Human Brain http://rapidshare.com/files/117877122/book47.rar ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND INNOVATIONS http://rapidshare.com/files/117877672/book48.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117878271/book48.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117878704/book48.part3.rar Artificial Intelligence and Literary Creativity: Inside the Mind of BRUTUS, a Storytelling Machine http://rapidshare.com/files/117878840/book49.rar Algorithmic Learning Theory http://rapidshare.com/files/117879329/book50.rar Artificial General Intelligence http://rapidshare.com/files/117879792/book51.rar Computational Intelligence in Fault Diagnosis http://rapidshare.com/files/117880232/book52.rar FRONTIERS OF EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION http://rapidshare.com/files/117880602/book53.rar Handbook of Computer Vision Algorithms in Image Algebra http://rapidshare.com/files/117881230/book54.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117881746/book54.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117882040/book54.part3.rar Hybrid Architecture for Intelligent Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/117882571/book55.rar Applying Knowledge Management Techniques for Building Corporate Memories http://rapidshare.com/files/117882794/book56.rar Learning with Kernels: Support Vector Machines, Regularization, Optimization, and Beyond http://rapidshare.com/files/117883460/book57.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117884029/book57.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117884672/book57.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117885158/book57.part4.rar MINDS AND COMPUTERS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE http://rapidshare.com/files/117885237/book58.rar Multiagent Systems A Modern Approach to Distributed Modern Approach to Artificial Intelligence http://rapidshare.com/files/117885461/book59.rar Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision Second Edition http://rapidshare.com/files/117886907/book60.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117888543/book60.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117889986/book60.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/117891458/book60.part4.rar An Introduction to Language Processing with Pre and Prolog http://rapidshare.com/files/117891635/book61.rar Simulating Continuous Fuzzy Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/117847118/book62.rar Multimedia Content DISCOVER THE HUMAN BODY MULTIMEDIA ENCYCLOPEDIA [DVD ENCYCLOPEDIA] http://rapidshare.com/files/118418717/A987D.part01.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118426489/A987D.part02.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118433619/A987D.part03.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118451207/A987D.part04.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118456678/A987D.part05.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118461773/A987D.part06.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118466499/A987D.part07.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118941499/A987D.part08.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118948162/A987D.part09.rar ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA PRESENTS NATURE - DISCOVER HOW NATURE COMMUNICATES [DVD ENCYCLOPEDIA] http://rapidshare.com/files/118955206/B876F.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118960583/B876F.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118966402/B876F.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118970522/B876F.part4.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/118970911/B876F.part5.rar Language of Medicine http://rapidshare.com/files/122478008/Language.of.Medicine.rar Bio-informatics Liquid Interfaces in Chemical, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Applications http://rapidshare.com/files/121779175/DF5J3.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121779461/DF5J3.part2.rar Bioinstrumentation The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Second Edition. http://rapidshare.com/files/121786089/K5LF7.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121786719/K5LF7.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121787316/K5LF7.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121787794/K5LF7.part4.rar Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Second Edition http://rapidshare.com/files/121789372/U5EL5.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121789828/U5EL5.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121790433/U5EL5.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121790773/U5EL5.part4.rar Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigations, 2nd Edition http://rapidshare.com/files/121780420/DY6T8.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121780896/DY6T8.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121781248/DY6T8.part3.rar Introduction to Medical Electronics Applications http://rapidshare.com/files/121777336/D83JK.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121777665/D83JK.part2.rar Control Systems Nonlinear Control Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/121782646/J487S.rar Adaptive Control systems http://rapidshare.com/files/121785552/JSD83.rar Uncertainty and Surprise in Complex Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/121788856/P09LF.rar Analysis and Control of Nonlinear Process Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/121781494/F5RT4.rar Advances in Control and Information Sciences http://rapidshare.com/files/121781743/F52FO.rar Observers in Control Systems a Practical Guide http://rapidshare.com/files/121788106/LDF96.rar Modern Control Technology: Components and Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/121782562/FK83L.rar Power Electronic Control in Electrical Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/121782191/FDI84.rar Missile Guidance and Control Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/121779721/DFJ65.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121779994/DFJ65.part2.rar Process systems Analysis and Control http://rapidshare.com/files/121788473/M041F.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121788693/M041F.part2.rar Intelligent Control Systems Using Soft Computing Methodologies http://rapidshare.com/files/121785027/JNFD5.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121785402/JNFD5.part2.rar Process Dynamics and Control Modeling for Control and Prediction http://rapidshare.com/files/121778128/DF3R4.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121778663/DF3R4.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121778722/DF3R4.part3.rar Practical Data Acquisition for Instrumentation and Control Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/121784089/JD8R8.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121784365/JD8R8.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121784696/JD8R8.part3.rar Design of Distillation Column Control Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/121791110/V8G5I.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121791497/V8G5I.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121791808/V8G5I.part3.rar The Electrical Engineering Handbook: Systems, Controls, Embedded Systems, Energy, and Machines http://rapidshare.com/files/121783145/JBF4F.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121783509/JBF4F.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/121783820/JBF4F.part3.rar ECG and Medical Electronics Design and Development of Medical Electronic Instrumentation http://rapidshare.com/files/122478442/6Y5G2.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122478921/6Y5G2.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122479162/6Y5G2.part3.rar ABC of Clinical Electrocardiography http://rapidshare.com/files/122490690/JF84K.rar The ECG Made Easy http://rapidshare.com/files/122485433/JD8I5.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122485903/JD8I5.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122486378/JD8I5.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122486837/JD8I5.part4.rar ECG Notes Interpretation and Management guide http://rapidshare.com/files/122483949/FLD8K.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122484206/FLD8K.part2.rar Fuzzy Logic · Fuzzy integrals and linearity · Fuzzy Systems Applications to Power Systems · Fuzzy-Based Filtering of Multichannel Images · Intelligent Control Systems Using Soft Computing Methodologies · Wavelet transform and fuzzy http://rapidshare.com/files/122498247/LS045.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122498492/LS045.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122498952/LS045.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122499156/LS045.part4.rar Fuzzy Sets Engineering http://rapidshare.com/files/122495217/KS095.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122495552/KS095.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122495805/KS095.part3.rar Fusion of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems and Genetic Algorithms - Industrial Applications http://rapidshare.com/files/122484588/IWEMH.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122484845/IWEMH.part2.rar Smarandache Fuzzy Algebra http://rapidshare.com/files/122494754/KD2SD.rar Fuzzy toolbox - MATLAB guide http://rapidshare.com/files/122494878/KS3S1.rar · Fuzzy and Neural Network · Fuzzy Logic Introduction · Neural and Fuzzy Logic Control · Simulating Fuzzy Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/122501025/MF5D4.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122501570/MF5D4.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122501979/MF5D4.part3.rar Electronics · Analysis and Design of Digital IC · Electronics Circuits · Practical Electronics http://rapidshare.com/files/122491353/JGF84.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122492004/JGF84.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122492789/JGF84.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122493551/JGF84.part4.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122493993/JGF84.part5.rar Theory and Design of Electrical and Electronic Circuits http://rapidshare.com/files/122483591/FK845.rar Electronics and Circuit Analysis using MATLAB http://rapidshare.com/files/122483181/FGL6T.rar Teach yourself Electricity and Electronics http://rapidshare.com/files/122494320/JHF8R.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122494536/JHF8R.part2.rar Practical Electronics Handbook http://rapidshare.com/files/122502157/NDUI5.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122502328/NDUI5.part2.rar Electronic Circuits for Evil Genius http://rapidshare.com/files/122497454/LGF09.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122497738/LGF09.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122497959/LGF09.part3.rar Electronics Projects for Dummies http://rapidshare.com/files/122506050/VZMR6.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122506261/VZMR6.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122506474/VZMR6.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122506596/VZMR6.part4.rar Electronics for Dummies http://rapidshare.com/files/122505163/QOEU8.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122505438/QOEU8.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122505713/QOEU8.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122505869/QOEU8.part4.rar Fundamentals of EEE http://rapidshare.com/files/122496129/LFU89.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122496436/LFU89.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122496783/LFU89.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122497110/LFU89.part4.rar Power Electronics and AC Drives http://rapidshare.com/files/122499499/LY5GK.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122499955/LY5GK.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122500311/LY5GK.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122500646/LY5GK.part4.rar RF and Microwave Circuit Design http://rapidshare.com/files/122487210/JDU64.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122487897/JDU64.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122488483/JDU64.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122489527/JDU64.part4.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122490473/JDU64.part5.rar Electronics - Modern Dictionary http://rapidshare.com/files/122479872/EDU47.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122480571/EDU47.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122481312/EDU47.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122482590/EDU47.part4.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122482794/EDU47.part5.rar VLSI Handbook http://rapidshare.com/files/122502841/P68E4.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122503405/P68E4.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122503950/P68E4.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122504440/P68E4.part4.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122504886/P68E4.part5.rar Digital Signal Processing · Signal and Systems Made Simple · Advanced DSP and Noise Reduction · Handbook of Speech Coders http://rapidshare.com/files/122930896/09UT8.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122930834/09UT8.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122931230/09UT8.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122931154/09UT8.part4.rar · DSP Applications for Traders · Image Processing in C http://rapidshare.com/files/122931696/45DFB.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122931705/45DFB.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122932188/45DFB.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122932073/45DFB.part4.rar Signals and Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/122933438/458TU.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122933146/458TU.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122934173/458TU.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122934185/458TU.part4.rar Adaptive Blind Signal and Image Processing http://rapidshare.com/files/122934910/48505.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122934709/48505.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122935329/48505.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122935619/48505.part4.rar Fourier analysis on Finite Groups with Applications in Signal Processing and System Design http://rapidshare.com/files/122935603/EU09J.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122936130/EU09J.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122935861/EU09J.part3.rar DSP for In-Vehicle and Mobile Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/122967676/SYT89.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122967998/SYT89.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122968177/SYT89.part3.rar DSP Handbook http://rapidshare.com/files/122968453/U09RJ.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122968739/U09RJ.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122968965/U09RJ.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122969167/U09RJ.part4.rar Spoken Language Processing: A Guide to Theory, Algorithm and System Development http://rapidshare.com/files/122927770/6F8D5.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122928268/6F8D5.part2.rar Data Compression: The Complete Reference http://rapidshare.com/files/122928453/9C0B3.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122929165/9C0B3.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/122928824/9C0B3.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123171321/9C0B3.part4.rar · Signals Samples and Stuff - a DSP Primer · Signals and System in Biomedical Engineering · DSP Using C & Data Structures · Structure and Interpretation of Signals and Systems http://rapidshare.com/files/123173972/GFM4T.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123174224/GFM4T.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123174393/GFM4T.part3.rar · Mathematical Models of Speech Technology · DSP-Filtering Approach · Fourier Transforms and Waves http://rapidshare.com/files/123204947/KG0EU.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123205542/KG0EU.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123206056/KG0EU.part3.rar Singular Perturbation Theory Digital Signal Processing http://rapidshare.com/files/123206522/RE45T.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123206732/RE45T.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123207291/RE45T.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123207668/RE45T.part4.rar Advanced Signal Processing Handbook http://rapidshare.com/files/123198034/JR89G.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123199817/JR89G.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123201665/JR89G.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123203209/JR89G.part4.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123204375/JR89G.part5.rar Digital Processing of Speech Signals http://rapidshare.com/files/123192613/JG093.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123194311/JG093.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123195225/JG093.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123196424/JG093.part4.rar · DSP and Applications with the C6713 and C6416 DSK · Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications http://rapidshare.com/files/123172685/GF4DJ.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123173034/GF4DJ.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123173434/GF4DJ.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123173742/GF4DJ.part4.rar DSP- Scientist & Engineer Guide http://rapidshare.com/files/123174645/GLSF5.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123174908/GLSF5.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123175104/GLSF5.part3.rar DSP Using MATLAB http://rapidshare.com/files/123175469/JF4OI.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123175920/JF4OI.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123176658/JF4OI.part3.rar Introduction to Digital Audio http://rapidshare.com/files/123171618/FOT4I.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123171928/FOT4I.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123172208/FOT4I.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123172438/FOT4I.part4.rar Real Time DSP implementation & Applications http://rapidshare.com/files/123208404/REJOI.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123209348/REJOI.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/123189115/REJOI.part3.rar Industrial Laser Solutions for Manufacturing http://rapidshare.com/files/125291462/4U630.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/125291700/4U630.part2.rar Principles of Lasers and Optics http://rapidshare.com/files/125291807/9J409.rar Light, Lasers and Photothermolysis http://rapidshare.com/files/125292068/9JU67.rar Genetic Programming Theory and Practice II http://rapidshare.com/files/125292874/45T90.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/125293120/45T90.part2.rar Laser Cladding http://rapidshare.com/files/125293395/GFU6T.rar Electro-Optics Handbook http://rapidshare.com/files/125293747/GJK09.rar Hardware Programming: smart Card Applications http://rapidshare.com/files/125294034/I409T.rar Modern Control Engineering http://rapidshare.com/files/125294596/IERJG.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/125294781/IERJG.part2.rar
This study mainly focuses on the applications of “smart materials” in the field of dentistry. And this particular field is said to be known as BIO SMART DENTISTRY. Description: “Smart Materials” are materials that can significantly change their properties in response to their environment. These smart materials are highly responsive and it is for this reason that they are often called as “responsive materials”. The recent advances in the design of smart materials have created novel opportunities for their applications in bio-medical fields. One of the applications is the dental restoratives. Teeth are constantly subjected to a number of diseases like dental caries. Loss of a tooth structure due to such diseases may be compensated by a number of dental restoratives. Smart materials are used in restoring and preventing dental caries as these materials encounter the carious process and aid in its prevention. Recent developments: The smart materials used in dentistry are the shape memory alloys, ceramics and hollow-core photonic-crystal fibres (PCF). Shape memory alloys are used instead of orthodontic wires while the ceramics like zirconium di oxide are used to build teeth bridges and crystal fibres are used in laser dentistry. The important aspect of smart materials in the field of dentistry is because of its excellent bio compatibility which is the most important property of any bio material. Conclusion: Due to a rapid progress in this area of science, such smart materials hold a good promise for the future. This paper throws light on smart materials that are used in dentistry and thus the field is said to be known as BIO SMART DENTISTRY.
“Smart materials” are those materials whose properties can be
changed or altered significantly by applying some external stimuli like stress, temperature, moisture, magnetic and electric field, change in pH, etc.,. The use of smart materials and structures is the most promising technology for life time efficiency and reliability in today’s world.
There are a wide range of smart materials that are already in use in a number of fields, some of them are: Piezo electric materials that produce voltage when stress is applied.
Thermo responsive shape memory alloys that can recover any temperature change.
Halo chromic materials that show a significant colour change in response to the change in the acidity.
Photo chromic materials that change their colour, in response to light. Example: light sensitive sunglasses.
“materials that can respond to biological signal can revolutionize medicine”
Biomedical applications of smart materials include:
Delivery of therapeutics
Tissue engineering
Cell culture
Bioseparations
Thermo responsive surfaces
Some of the smart materials used in dentistry include shape memory alloys as orthodontic wires and springs, cercon smart ceramics as dental restoratives SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS:
Shape memory alloys have a wide use in the field of dentistry because of their exceptional super elasticity, good shape memory and resistance to wear. These materials also have good biocompatibility which is the most essential characteristic of any biomaterial.
The shape memory effect was first observed in copper-zinc and copper-tin alloys by Greninger and Mooradian in the year 1938. These shape memory materials are in radiology, cardiovascular and other medical applications as endovascular stents and tissue connectors. The most commercially important use of these SMAs is the orthodontic applications. The arch wires used as a corrective measure of misaligned teeth for many years were made of stainless steel. As these wires had only limited flexibility and tensile character, they created a great discomfort during the usage. Re-tensioning of these wires for every three or four weeks was necessary for which the patient had to visit the orthodontist very often.
Super elastic wires are used nowadays for these corrective measures owing to their flexibility and resistance. Thus the visits to the orthodontist are reduced significantly. Other than the arch wires there are other orthodontic devices that can move the uneven teeth linearly to correct position by reducing uneven spacing between the teeth.
The movement of these arch wires is only 6mm for 6 months that causes only a minimal discomfort. The superior flexibility, durability, torqueability when compared to stainless steel is the fundamental advantage of these materials thus producing greater ease to use and increased patient comfort.
NITINOL BRACES:
Nickel-titanium alloys (nitinol) are used in case of these braces. The adjustment of any teeth arrangement is due to the remodeling of the bone by the forces exerted by the braces that are used. This force should be minimal and should be of a very narrow range so that it will lead to proper correction of dental malformations. The introduction of SMA braces gave good results due to their corrective forces. The Ni-Ti alloy braces were introduced in 1972 that reduced the length of the orthodontic treatment and reduction of check-ups.
Ni-Ti alloys have a unique combination of properties of shape memory, super elasticity, great workability in martensitic state and resistance to fatigue and corrosion.
The Ni-Ti braces are more comfortable for the patients during installation and also during treatment. Consumption of a very hot or very cold food does not lead to any complications in case of these braces if the austenite and martensite phases are well chosen.
CERAMIC BRACES:
Ceramic braces offer a less-visible alternative to well established traditional metal braces. They blend themselves to the natural colour of the teeth so that they appear more appealing.
The ceramic braces may cause wear to the teeth as these braces are harder than the teeth enamel. So they have the potential to cause a wear or even a severe wear on those teeth that touch against them. Thus the orthodontist should decide that on which all teeth that the braces can be placed. In most cases they are placed on the upper teeth especially on the centre six upper front teeth so that the wear that takes place is less. And also these braces are not placed on the patient’s lower teeth for the fear of creating excessive wear.
Adults very much like to choose ceramics braces because they “blend in” with teeth and they are less noticeable when compared to metals. Ceramic braces are made up of crystalline ceramic. Many adults and a few children also use ceramic braces for there cosmetic advantage.
CERCON-SMART CERAMICS:
In 1995 at ETHZurich
The Zircon based ceramic material is created from one unit with no metal and it is not baked in layers of metals. Thus the product is metal free biocompatible with more strength that helps to resist crack formation. Artificial grey shadows and unsightly dark margins from the underlying metal is no longer a problem with cercon. Cercon Smart Ceramics deliver excellent aesthetics without reservations or compromise whether it is a “front” or “back” teeth, single or multi unit bridges.
A highly stable ceramic oxide which is used in the industrial applications requiring high strength and stability is Zirconium oxide (ZrO2). It has a history as a bio material from 1970’s.
It is also very much useful in non dental applications and in implants. One of the current usages of this material is in total hip replacements. Hip replacements like the dental, show close proximity to vascular and osseous tissues.
Alumina or any other currently available ceramics do not have high fracture toughness and flexural strength as in the case of zirconia. Cercon system offers a good solution to all these needs by taking the advantages of these properties namely strength, toughness, reliability and biocompatibility of zirconium oxide. As cercon ceramics are bioresponsive they are said to be smart materials.
IMPORTANCE OF CERCON SMART CERAMICS:
In dentistry, there has been continuous research and development to find materials suitable for dental prosthesis that are aesthetically acceptable, of sufficient strength and which are perfectly tolerated by the human body. For many years ceramic materials combined with metals have been used in dental restorations, ceramic to achieve the desired aesthetics, metal for strength. A high-tech ceramic, Zirconium Oxide, is now available and has already been pr oven in many extreme situations such as heat shields in the Space Shuttle, brake disks for sports cars and the spherical heads of artificial hip joints. This high-tech ceramic has the potential to give prosthetic care a whole new image, because thanks to Cercon smart ceramics it can now be used in dentistry. With the Cercon system, all-ceramic crowns and bridges of up to four units can be made in the incisal and molar regions. In individual cases, depending on the gap of the bridged teeth, even bridges of up to six units are possible.
SMART COMPOSITES:
Smart composites containing ACP (Amorphous Calcium Phosphate) are also very much useful in bio smart dentistry. Among the most biologically important calcium phosphate ACP is the most soluble one. It also exhibits the property of being rapidly converted into hydroxyapatite (HAP).
When ACP is introduced into specially designed and formulated resin, to make a composite material it will have an extended time release nature to act as a source for calcium and phosphate useful in preventing caries.
One of the basic building blocks of tooth enamel is hydroxyapatite; it is also an inorganic component of dentine. In the case of carious attack hydroxyapatite is removed from the tooth resulting in cavities or white spots.
The exposure of low pH conditions either from bacteria or any other biological organisms releasing, food or acidic beverages result in carious attack. Even if the pH of ACP is neutral or high it remains the same. Only when its pH value gets lower (below or at 5.8) during carious attack ACP gets converted into HAP and precipitates thus replacing HAP lost to the acid.
Thus if the pH in mouth drops below 5.8 these ions will be generated within seconds which ultimately forms a gel. This gel becomes amorphous crystals resulting in calcium and phosphate ions in about 2 minutes.
SMART FIBERS FOR LASER DENTISTRY:
Laser radiation of high- fluency can be easily delivered by Hollow-core photonic-fibers (PCFs) i.e., the laser radiations can easily be snaked through the body using this hollow-core photonic-fibers which are capable of ablating tooth enamel been developed.
Through a hollow-core photonic –fiber, sequences of picoseconds pulses of Nd: YAG laser radiation with a core diameter of approximately 14µm is transmitted and these pulses are focused on the tooth surface to ablate dental tissue.
The same fiber is also used in transmitting emission from plasmas that are produced by laser pulses on the tooth surface in the backward direction for detection and optical diagnostics.
While using these fibers we ought to be very careful because there is a risk factor that in some cases the fiber walls fail and the laser light may escape and harm the healthy tissue.
“Smart materials” are those materials whose properties can be
changed or altered significantly by applying some external stimuli like stress, temperature, moisture, magnetic and electric field, change in pH, etc.,. The use of smart materials and structures is the most promising technology for life time efficiency and reliability in today’s world.
There are a wide range of smart materials that are already in use in a number of fields, some of them are: Piezo electric materials that produce voltage when stress is applied.
Thermo responsive shape memory alloys that can recover any temperature change.
Halo chromic materials that show a significant colour change in response to the change in the acidity.
Photo chromic materials that change their colour, in response to light. Example: light sensitive sunglasses.
“materials that can respond to biological signal can revolutionize medicine”
Biomedical applications of smart materials include:
Delivery of therapeutics
Tissue engineering
Cell culture
Bioseparations
Thermo responsive surfaces
Some of the smart materials used in dentistry include shape memory alloys as orthodontic wires and springs, cercon smart ceramics as dental restoratives SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS:
Shape memory alloys have a wide use in the field of dentistry because of their exceptional super elasticity, good shape memory and resistance to wear. These materials also have good biocompatibility which is the most essential characteristic of any biomaterial.
The shape memory effect was first observed in copper-zinc and copper-tin alloys by Greninger and Mooradian in the year 1938. These shape memory materials are in radiology, cardiovascular and other medical applications as endovascular stents and tissue connectors. The most commercially important use of these SMAs is the orthodontic applications. The arch wires used as a corrective measure of misaligned teeth for many years were made of stainless steel. As these wires had only limited flexibility and tensile character, they created a great discomfort during the usage. Re-tensioning of these wires for every three or four weeks was necessary for which the patient had to visit the orthodontist very often.
Super elastic wires are used nowadays for these corrective measures owing to their flexibility and resistance. Thus the visits to the orthodontist are reduced significantly. Other than the arch wires there are other orthodontic devices that can move the uneven teeth linearly to correct position by reducing uneven spacing between the teeth.
The movement of these arch wires is only 6mm for 6 months that causes only a minimal discomfort. The superior flexibility, durability, torqueability when compared to stainless steel is the fundamental advantage of these materials thus producing greater ease to use and increased patient comfort.
NITINOL BRACES:
Nickel-titanium alloys (nitinol) are used in case of these braces. The adjustment of any teeth arrangement is due to the remodeling of the bone by the forces exerted by the braces that are used. This force should be minimal and should be of a very narrow range so that it will lead to proper correction of dental malformations. The introduction of SMA braces gave good results due to their corrective forces. The Ni-Ti alloy braces were introduced in 1972 that reduced the length of the orthodontic treatment and reduction of check-ups.
Ni-Ti alloys have a unique combination of properties of shape memory, super elasticity, great workability in martensitic state and resistance to fatigue and corrosion.
The Ni-Ti braces are more comfortable for the patients during installation and also during treatment. Consumption of a very hot or very cold food does not lead to any complications in case of these braces if the austenite and martensite phases are well chosen.
CERAMIC BRACES:
Ceramic braces offer a less-visible alternative to well established traditional metal braces. They blend themselves to the natural colour of the teeth so that they appear more appealing.
The ceramic braces may cause wear to the teeth as these braces are harder than the teeth enamel. So they have the potential to cause a wear or even a severe wear on those teeth that touch against them. Thus the orthodontist should decide that on which all teeth that the braces can be placed. In most cases they are placed on the upper teeth especially on the centre six upper front teeth so that the wear that takes place is less. And also these braces are not placed on the patient’s lower teeth for the fear of creating excessive wear.
Adults very much like to choose ceramics braces because they “blend in” with teeth and they are less noticeable when compared to metals. Ceramic braces are made up of crystalline ceramic. Many adults and a few children also use ceramic braces for there cosmetic advantage.
The ceramic braces are translucent in appearance so they blend in with natural tooth colour. This means that unlike traditional stainless steel metal braces, ceramic braces won’t make the smile look “metallic”.
Smart brackets braces are containing microchip capable of measuring the forces applied to the bracket/tooth line. This braces could significantly reduce the treatment times and to set the non-harmful applied forces.
CERCON-SMART CERAMICS:
In 1995 at ETH
The Zircon based ceramic material is created from one unit with no metal and it is not baked in layers of metals. Thus the product is metal free biocompatible with more strength that helps to resist crack formation. Artificial grey shadows and unsightly dark margins from the underlying metal is no longer a problem with cercon. Cercon Smart Ceramics deliver excellent aesthetics without reservations or compromise whether it is a “front” or “back” teeth, single or multi unit bridges.
A highly stable ceramic oxide which is used in the industrial applications requiring high strength and stability is Zirconium oxide (ZrO2). It has a history as a bio material from 1970’s.
It is also very much useful in non dental applications and in implants. One of the current usages of this material is in total hip replacements. Hip replacements like the dental, show close proximity to vascular and osseous tissues.
Alumina or any other currently available ceramics do not have high fracture toughness and flexural strength as in the case of zirconia. Cercon system offers a good solution to all these needs by taking the advantages of these properties namely strength, toughness, reliability and biocompatibility of zirconium oxide. As cercon ceramics are bioresponsive they are said to be smart materials.
IMPORTANCE OF CERCON SMART CERAMICS:
In dentistry, there has been continuous research and development to find materials suitable for dental prosthesis that are aesthetically acceptable, of sufficient strength and which are perfectly tolerated by the human body. For many years ceramic materials combined with metals have been used in dental restorations, ceramic to achieve the desired aesthetics, metal for strength. A high-tech ceramic, Zirconium Oxide, is now available and has already been pr oven in many extreme situations such as heat shields in the Space Shuttle, brake disks for sports cars and the spherical heads of artificial hip joints. This high-tech ceramic has the potential to give prosthetic care a whole new image, because thanks to Cercon smart ceramics it can now be used in dentistry. With the Cercon system, all-ceramic crowns and bridges of up to four units can be made in the incisal and molar regions. In individual cases, depending on the gap of the bridged teeth, even bridges of up to six units are possible.
SMART COMPOSITES:
Smart composites containing ACP (Amorphous Calcium Phosphate) are also very much useful in bio smart dentistry. Among the most biologically important calcium phosphate ACP is the most soluble one. It also exhibits the property of being rapidly converted into hydroxyapatite (HAP).
When ACP is introduced into specially designed and formulated resin, to make a composite material it will have an extended time release nature to act as a source for calcium and phosphate useful in preventing caries.
One of the basic building blocks of tooth enamel is hydroxyapatite; it is also an inorganic component of dentine. In the case of carious attack hydroxyapatite is removed from the tooth resulting in cavities or white spots.
The exposure of low pH conditions either from bacteria or any other biological organisms releasing, food or acidic beverages result in carious attack. Even if the pH of ACP is neutral or high it remains the same. Only when its pH value gets lower (below or at 5.8) during carious attack ACP gets converted into HAP and precipitates thus replacing HAP lost to the acid.
Thus if the pH in mouth drops below 5.8 these ions will be generated within seconds which ultimately forms a gel. This gel becomes amorphous crystals resulting in calcium and phosphate ions in about 2 minutes.
SMART FIBERS FOR LASER DENTISTRY:
Laser radiation of high- fluency can be easily delivered by Hollow-core photonic-fibers (PCFs) i.e., the laser radiations can easily be snaked through the body using this hollow-core photonic-fibers which are capable of ablating tooth enamel been developed.
Through a hollow-core photonic –fiber, sequences of picoseconds pulses of Nd: YAG laser radiation with a core diameter of approximately 14µm is transmitted and these pulses are focused on the tooth surface to ablate dental tissue.
The same fiber is also used in transmitting emission from plasmas that are produced by laser pulses on the tooth surface in the backward direction for detection and optical diagnostics.
While using these fibers we ought to be very careful because there is a risk factor that in some cases the fiber walls fail and the laser light may escape and harm the healthy tissue.
Project Overview:
Currently the numerous amounts of IV tubing required for pediatric patients causes confusion in lines and places the patient at risk for injury. The goal of this project is to create an IV tubing organizer to prevent “spaghetti” while maintaining the functionality of an IV tube.
Abstract:
The pediatric critical care unit of the UW Children’s hospital currently has no organizational system for IV tubing. IV lines extend from multiple syringe pumps to one patient, becoming entangled. They are especially hard to differentiate when placed on the patient’s bed during transport. A prototype was assembled to minimize line confusion, in which each length of IV tubing is individually wound around a central core. Automatic recoil is controlled by a constant force spring-loaded system that allows for patient movement by retracting or extending extra lengths of IV tubing. This design will ultimately separate the IV lines and improve hospital efficiency.
Currently the numerous amounts of IV tubing required for pediatric patients causes confusion in lines and places the patient at risk for injury. The goal of this project is to create an IV tubing organizer to prevent “spaghetti” while maintaining the functionality of an IV tube.
Abstract:
The pediatric critical care unit of the UW Children’s hospital currently has no organizational system for IV tubing. IV lines extend from multiple syringe pumps to one patient, becoming entangled. They are especially hard to differentiate when placed on the patient’s bed during transport. A prototype was assembled to minimize line confusion, in which each length of IV tubing is individually wound around a central core. Automatic recoil is controlled by a constant force spring-loaded system that allows for patient movement by retracting or extending extra lengths of IV tubing. This design will ultimately separate the IV lines and improve hospital efficiency.
The aim of the project is to make the life simpler for the blind people. It is difficult to step out without someone?s help. We used electronic safety guard system that alerts them of any obstacle or object in their path. The system comprises transmitter and receiver section. -Transmitter section -Receiver section uses an embedded system. TRANSMITTER SECTION: Components used in the transmitter section are TIMER IC 555 CURRENT AMPLIFIER IR DIODES The Timer IC 555 act as astable multivibrator . The transmitter built around the Timer IC 555 which is designed to operate at a frequency of 38 KHZ. This signal is amplified by a current amplifier and transmitted through IR diodes.the reflection from obstcle is recieved by using IR detector,then the alarm or vibrator will active for the safety of people.
Biorobotics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Biomechanical. Biorobotics is a term that loosely covers the fields of cybernetics, bionics and even genetic engineering as a collective study. Biorobotics is often used to refer to a real subfield of robotics: studying how to make robots that emulate or simulate living biological organisms mechanically or even chemically. The term is also used in a reverse definition: making biological organisms as manipulatable and functional as robots. In the latter sense biorobotics is referred to as a theoretical discipline of comprehensive genetic engineering in which organisms are created and designed by artificial means. The creation of life from non-living matter for example, would be biorobotics. Because of its mostly theoretical status it is presently limited to science fiction; the actual field is in its infancy and is known as synthetic biology and bionanotechnology. The replicants in the film Blade Runner would be considered biorobotic in nature: (synthetic) organisms of living tissue and cells yet created artificially. Instead of microchips, their brain would be based on ganglions/artificial neurons.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)