Pulse Oximetry is a non invasive method of measuring a person's oxygenation level. It monitors the percentage of haemoglobin (Hb) which is saturated with oxygen. A probe is attached to the patient's finger or ear lobe comprising LEDs and photodetector. As the light from the two LEDs (red - 660 nm and infrared - 950 nm) pass through the body tissues to a photodetector, it is absorbed by blood and soft tissue. The light absorption rate at the two wavelengths by the hemoglobin is different and depends on the degree of oxygenation. The light level changes as the blood is pumped by the heart. As a consequence, the oximeter also measures the heart rate in beats per minute (BPM). In this application note, we create a heart rate monitor by using one IR LED & phototransistor pair and observing the waveform at the phototransistor output. This is intended for illustrating a typical light sensor application and not intended for actual medical use. The accompanying video also shows the typical low level signals involved in this type of circuit and how the dynamic range from a 24 bit ADC (EMANT300 USB DAQ) allows such signals to be observed without further signal conditioning.
Abstract:
The proposed paper discusses about the infectious blood diseases named as pulmonary embolism. This proposed paper mainly deals with increasing rate of blood disease in the lungs. Pulmunoary Embolism is the blockage in vein and due to circulation moves to the main artery which goes from heart to lungs. This paper fully discuses about the golden standard for diagonsis pulmonary enbolism is pulmonary angiography and treatment is caval filters. It is a deadly infectious disesase. Pulmonary angiography is used less often due to wider acceptance of CT scans, which are non-invasive. The cavalfilters treatment the filters are placed in inferior venacava below the orgin of renal vessels. It occurs in 1% of patient admited in hospital and resposible for 5% death of all hospital death. It may occur due to amniotic fluid ,placenta,air , fat, tumour and septic emboli from endo cardiatis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valve. The treatments are anticouglation thromblitic threapy, caval filters.. Pulmunoary Embolism occurs silent. It is the blockage in vein and due to circulation moves to the main artery which goes from heart to lungs. Usually this is due to embolism of a thrombus (blood clot) from the deep veins in the legs, a process termed venous thromboembolism. A small proportion is due to the embolization of air, fat , amniotic fluid placenta tumours and spectic emboli from endo carditis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valve . The obstruction of the blood flow through the lungs and the resultant pressure on the right ventricle of the heart leads to the symptoms and signs of PE. The risk of PE is increased in various situations, such as cancer and prolonged bed rest.apparopriate therapy and mortality is decreased from 30-10% yet 100,000-200,000 death occur per year in USA.diagnosis of the disease is very difficult. Clinical accuracy of the diagnosis is low. It the prospective investigations of PE study 755 patients had v/q lung scan and PE Angiography because of suspected PE within 24hrs study.. Pulmonary embolism can be usefully consider under the heading venous thromboembolism 75%of pulmonary embolism derived from DVT in the lower limb and 60% of patient with DVT will have evidence of PE on scanning even the absence of the symptoms rarely PE may occur due to amniotic fluid, placenta, air, fat, tumour and septic emboli from endocarditis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valves. Pulmonary emboli occur in 1% of the patients admitted in the hospital and are responsible for 5% death.
The proposed paper discusses about the infectious blood diseases named as pulmonary embolism. This proposed paper mainly deals with increasing rate of blood disease in the lungs. Pulmunoary Embolism is the blockage in vein and due to circulation moves to the main artery which goes from heart to lungs. This paper fully discuses about the golden standard for diagonsis pulmonary enbolism is pulmonary angiography and treatment is caval filters. It is a deadly infectious disesase. Pulmonary angiography is used less often due to wider acceptance of CT scans, which are non-invasive. The cavalfilters treatment the filters are placed in inferior venacava below the orgin of renal vessels. It occurs in 1% of patient admited in hospital and resposible for 5% death of all hospital death. It may occur due to amniotic fluid ,placenta,air , fat, tumour and septic emboli from endo cardiatis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valve. The treatments are anticouglation thromblitic threapy, caval filters.. Pulmunoary Embolism occurs silent. It is the blockage in vein and due to circulation moves to the main artery which goes from heart to lungs. Usually this is due to embolism of a thrombus (blood clot) from the deep veins in the legs, a process termed venous thromboembolism. A small proportion is due to the embolization of air, fat , amniotic fluid placenta tumours and spectic emboli from endo carditis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valve . The obstruction of the blood flow through the lungs and the resultant pressure on the right ventricle of the heart leads to the symptoms and signs of PE. The risk of PE is increased in various situations, such as cancer and prolonged bed rest.apparopriate therapy and mortality is decreased from 30-10% yet 100,000-200,000 death occur per year in USA.diagnosis of the disease is very difficult. Clinical accuracy of the diagnosis is low. It the prospective investigations of PE study 755 patients had v/q lung scan and PE Angiography because of suspected PE within 24hrs study.. Pulmonary embolism can be usefully consider under the heading venous thromboembolism 75%of pulmonary embolism derived from DVT in the lower limb and 60% of patient with DVT will have evidence of PE on scanning even the absence of the symptoms rarely PE may occur due to amniotic fluid, placenta, air, fat, tumour and septic emboli from endocarditis affecting tricuspid or pulmonary valves. Pulmonary emboli occur in 1% of the patients admitted in the hospital and are responsible for 5% death.
Abstract:
The Objective of Patient monitoring is to have a quantitative assessment of the important physiological variables of the patients during critical periods of their biological functions. Patient monitoring system measures physiological characteristics either continuously or at regular intervals over time and thereby differs from diagnostic instruments that detect existing medical conditions through single testing procedures. The choice of proper parameters, which have information content, is chosen and it is agreed that monitoring of following biological functions are often needed, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Heart Rate, Body Temperature, Non Invasive Blood pressure, Spo2. Along with these parameters Glucose level is also important for patient monitoring system. Because when a patient faints due to hyperglycemic condition admitted in ICU, with out proper testing if glucose is administered to the patient then it may even lead to a fatal condition, so along with the five vital signs monitoring glucose level should also be monitored. The advantage is that glucose level is measured using non invasive technique. It is based on optical technique which continuously monitors the blood glucose levels. Whenever there is a decrease in the blood glucose level (hypoglycemia) or increase in blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) an alarm is produced which alerts the people around, so that they can come to patient’s rescue.
The Objective of Patient monitoring is to have a quantitative assessment of the important physiological variables of the patients during critical periods of their biological functions. Patient monitoring system measures physiological characteristics either continuously or at regular intervals over time and thereby differs from diagnostic instruments that detect existing medical conditions through single testing procedures. The choice of proper parameters, which have information content, is chosen and it is agreed that monitoring of following biological functions are often needed, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Heart Rate, Body Temperature, Non Invasive Blood pressure, Spo2. Along with these parameters Glucose level is also important for patient monitoring system. Because when a patient faints due to hyperglycemic condition admitted in ICU, with out proper testing if glucose is administered to the patient then it may even lead to a fatal condition, so along with the five vital signs monitoring glucose level should also be monitored. The advantage is that glucose level is measured using non invasive technique. It is based on optical technique which continuously monitors the blood glucose levels. Whenever there is a decrease in the blood glucose level (hypoglycemia) or increase in blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) an alarm is produced which alerts the people around, so that they can come to patient’s rescue.
1. Introduction BLOOD INFUSION WARMER is a device which is aimed to warm the blood prior to transfusion therapy. The main concept behind this project is use of temperature difference signal for proportional heating of the cold blood. This difference is of 2 temperatures.1.of patient body and 2. Of blood bag. As, sensing range of thermistor is in microvolts, directly the error signal can be given as input to the heating circuit because it will provide insufficient heat production.So,it is required to be properly amplified.So,the block diagram is designed taking into account this matter. It is not the actual design but at the beginning phase with almost simulation of basic function of the warmer.So,the component specifications may differ from the actual one. 2. Requirement of project The normal body temperature of human is 37.5 deg.Celcius. The blood stored at lower temperature to lower the metabolic rate and bacterial growth.Now,if it is directly infused in the patient body,it leads to a life-threatening situation due to adverse reaction of normal blood and transfused blood named as “Hypothermia.”The result is shearing of blood cells,slow metabolism due to hypodynamia,ague,spasm of blood vessel,arthrosisache,stomachache,platelet dysfunction, increase in blood viscocity,disturbed CVS function. To avoid it,BLOOD INFUSION WARMER is used.This device heats the blood of the blood bag till it equals to the body temperature by detecting the temperature difference between both. Thus it is very needy instrument in operation theatres,I.C.U.s or in other environment which needs transfusion therapy to prevent mishaps related with low temperature blood transfusion. 3. Generalized block diagram: 3.1 EACH BLOCK IN BRIEF……… 0. Power supply to give d.c.supply to ICs and other devices 1. Temperature sensor with bridge for blood bag temperature.(B) 2. Temperature sensor with bridge for patient body temperature (P) 3. Instrumentation amplifier for channel-1.i.e.B-channel 4. Instrumentation amplifier for channel -2 i.e.-channel 5. Differential amplifier for obtaining temperature difference. 6. Voltage to Current converter to make compatible electrical signal for heating coil. 7. Power amplifier (Optional):to strengthen the V-I output. 8. Heating element i.e. coil coated with mica wound on fabricated steel tube. . 3.2 BLOCKS CAN BE ADDED AS SORT OF MODIFICATION 9. ADC-Analog-TO Digital converter 10.Microcontroller. 11.Audible alarm circuit.
Generalized block diagram:
Abstract: Temperature maintenance is the prime consideration for the effective and safe handling of the patient. Mistakes regarding to it can lead to life-threatening condition for the patient. The normal body temperature of human is 37.5 deg. Celsius. The blood from blood bank is at lower temperature.It is dangerous to directly infuse cool blood in patient . To avoid hypothermic adverse effects in the patient body while transfusion,real time comparision of blood bag temperature and patient body temperature and accordingly heating is provided to IV line upto themal equilibrium. Thermistor is a very suitable temperature sensor with NTC (Negative temperature co-efficient) is the heart of the WARMER FOR BLOOD INFUSION and is in form of bridge configuration.The device can be hand-held or fixed on IV panel near the patient bed. Blood warmer has advantages of no contamination,easy manipulation, portability ,clear digital temperature indication, with fast result.As being a recent concept based device-it has also limitations and challenges like inability to cool the heated blood and restriction on use i.e. must with doctors prescription.Here is a model which has the same function with use of electronic circuitry at beginner level to better understand the above stated concept of warming of blood. With the latest electronic circuitry comprising of PID programmed microcontroller, and audible alarm system the blood infusion warmer can be made more dynamic but more costly. Undoubtedly, the actual device is altogether different with the aspects of component specifications, accuracy, dynamicity and appearance.We are taking water or dextrose in stead of blood. But, this project is sufficient to provide functional simulation to the actual real-time warmer for blood infusion.
Requirement of project
Requirement of project
The normal body temperature of human is 37.5 deg.Celcius. The blood stored at lower temperature to lower the metabolic rate and bacterial growth.Now,if it is directly infused in the patient body,it leads to a life-threatening situation due to adverse reaction of normal blood and transfused blood named as “Hypothermia.”The result is shearing of blood cells,slow metabolism to hypodynamia,ague,spasm of blood vessel,arthrosisache,stomachache,platelet dysfunction, increase in blood viscocity,disturbed CVS function.
To avoid it,BLOOD INFUSION WARMER is used.This device heats the blood of the blood bag till it equals to the body temperature by detecting the temperature difference between both.
Thus it is very needy instrument in operation theatres,I.C.U.s or in other environment which needs transfusion therapy to prevent mishaps related with low temperature blood transfusion.
Generalized block diagram:
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